Patients that have had surgery prior to pre-registration will submit samples from the previous surgery for testing. STEP 1 (SCREENING): Patients undergo collection of blood and tissue samples for EGFR, ALK, and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/cytotoxic t-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) testing via direct sequencing, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). To study the clinical significance of circulating tumor DNA within the plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) from early stage lung cancer patients. To understand reasons behind lack of enrollment to adjuvant targeted therapy studies for potentially eligible patients. To study the genomic evolution of lung cancers by comparing genomic characteristics at resection and at recurrence. To cross-validate local genotyping assays for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma receptor tyrosine kinase (ALK) with a central reference standard. To characterize the natural history of molecularly characterized NSCLC to allow subsequent development of targeted therapies against genotype-defined subpopulations in the adjuvant and recurrent settings. To obtain clinically annotated tumor tissue and patient-matched non-malignant deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from peripheral blood, as well as detailed epidemiologic and clinical follow-up data, to allow clinically annotated advanced genomic analyses in concert with the National Cancer Institute (NCI) Center for Cancer Genomics (CCG). To centrally test resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) for genetic mutations to facilitate accrual to randomized adjuvant studies. Procedure: Biospecimen Collection Drug: Carboplatin Drug: Cisplatin Other: Clinical Observation Procedure: Computed Tomography Drug: Crizotinib Other: Cytology Specimen Collection Procedure Drug: Erlotinib Drug: Gemcitabine Hydrochloride Biological: Nivolumab Drug: Paclitaxel Biological: Pembrolizumab Drug: Pemetrexed Drug: Pemetrexed Disodium Other: Placebo Administration Procedure: Positron Emission Tomography Lung Adenocarcinoma Lung Large Cell Carcinoma Resectable Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma Stage IB Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7 Stage IB Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7 Stage II Lung Non-Small Cell Cancer AJCC v7 Stage II Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7 Stage IIA Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7 Stage IIA Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7 Stage IIB Lung Non-Small Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7 Stage IIB Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7 Stage IIIA Lung Non-Small Cell Cancer AJCC v7 Stage IIIA Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma AJCC v7 Studying the genes in a patient's tumor cells may help doctors select the best treatment for patients that have certain genetic changes. This ALCHEMIST trial studies genetic testing in screening patients with stage IB-IIIA non-small cell lung cancer that has been or will be removed by surgery.
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